DES Algorithm Implementation
October 11th, 2009 § 1
Implementing DES took me way longer (4 days) than it should have (4 hours). The reason? I was basing my understanding of how the algorithm works on two diagrams. Needless to say, they didn’t paint the whole picture…nor did they doodle it!
Anyway, here’s the python code for it. I hope it helps a poor soul out there someday.
Requirements: Python 2.6 and BitString library
Here’s a download that includes BitString: zip DES-python.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 | #!/usr/bin/python2.6 # Description: Can encrypt or decrypt a block of HEX plaintext (64 bits). # Author: Gezim Hoxha # License: GPL 3 from bitstring import BitString IK = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64 ] IKNOPAR = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63 ] IP = [ 58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18, 10, 2, 60, 52, 44, 36, 28, 20, 12, 4, 62, 54, 46, 38, 30, 22, 14, 6, 64, 56, 48, 40, 32, 24, 16, 8, 57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17, 9, 1, 59, 51, 43, 35, 27, 19, 11, 3, 61, 53, 45, 37, 29, 21, 13, 5, 63, 55, 47, 39, 31, 23, 15, 7 ] RIP = [ 40, 8, 48, 16, 56, 24, 64, 32, 39, 7, 47, 15, 55, 23, 63, 31, 38, 6, 46, 14, 54, 22, 62, 30, 37, 5, 45, 13, 53, 21, 61, 29, 36, 4, 44, 12, 52, 20, 60, 28, 35, 3, 43, 11, 51, 19, 59, 27, 34, 2, 42, 10, 50, 18, 58, 26, 33, 1, 41, 9, 49, 17, 57, 25 ] PC1 = [ 57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17, 9, 1, 58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18, 10, 2, 59, 51, 43, 35, 27, 19, 11, 3, 60, 52, 44, 36, 63, 55, 47, 39, 31, 23, 15, 7, 62, 54, 46, 38, 30, 22, 14, 6, 61, 53, 45, 37, 29, 21, 13, 5, 28, 20, 12, 4 ] PC2 = [ 14, 17, 11, 24, 1, 5, 3, 28, 15, 6, 21, 10, 23, 19, 12, 4, 26, 8, 16, 7, 27, 20, 13, 2, 41, 52, 31, 37, 47, 55, 30, 40, 51, 45, 33, 48, 44, 49, 39, 56, 34, 53, 46, 42, 50, 36, 29, 32 ] E = [ 32, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 1, ] P = [ 16, 7, 20, 21, 29, 12, 28, 17, 1, 15, 23, 26, 5, 18, 31, 10, 2, 8, 24, 14, 32, 27, 3, 9, 19, 13, 30, 6, 22, 11, 4, 25 ] SBoxes = [ #s1 [ [14, 4, 13, 1, 2, 15, 11, 8, 3, 10, 6, 12, 5, 9, 0, 7], [0, 15, 7, 4, 14, 2, 13, 1, 10, 6, 12, 11, 9, 5, 3, 8], [4, 1, 14, 8, 13, 6, 2, 11, 15, 12, 9, 7, 3, 10, 5, 0], [15, 12, 8, 2, 4, 9, 1, 7, 5, 11, 3, 14, 10, 0, 6, 13], ], #s2 [ [15, 1, 8, 14, 6, 11, 3, 4, 9, 7, 2, 13, 12, 0, 5, 10], [3, 13, 4, 7, 15, 2, 8, 14, 12, 0, 1, 10, 6, 9, 11, 5], [0, 14, 7, 11, 10, 4, 13, 1, 5, 8, 12, 6, 9, 3, 2, 15], [13, 8, 10, 1, 3, 15, 4, 2, 11, 6, 7, 12, 0, 5, 14, 9] ], #s3 [ [10, 0, 9, 14, 6, 3, 15, 5, 1, 13, 12, 7, 11, 4, 2, 8], [13, 7, 0, 9, 3, 4, 6, 10, 2, 8, 5, 14, 12, 11, 15, 1], [13, 6, 4, 9, 8, 15, 3, 0, 11, 1, 2, 12, 5, 10, 14, 7], [1, 10, 13, 0, 6, 9, 8, 7, 4, 15, 14, 3, 11, 5, 2, 12], ], #s4 [ [7, 13, 14, 3, 0, 6, 9, 10, 1, 2, 8, 5, 11, 12, 4, 15], [13, 8, 11, 5, 6, 15, 0, 3, 4, 7, 2, 12, 1, 10, 14, 9], [10, 6, 9, 0, 12, 11, 7, 13, 15, 1, 3, 14, 5, 2, 8, 4], [3, 15, 0, 6, 10, 1, 13, 8, 9, 4, 5, 11, 12, 7, 2, 14] ], #s5 [ [2, 12, 4, 1, 7, 10, 11, 6, 8, 5, 3, 15, 13, 0, 14, 9], [14, 11, 2, 12, 4, 7, 13, 1, 5, 0, 15, 10, 3, 9, 8, 6], [4, 2, 1, 11, 10, 13, 7, 8, 15, 9, 12, 5, 6, 3, 0, 14], [11, 8, 12, 7, 1, 14, 2, 13, 6, 15, 0, 9, 10, 4, 5, 3], ], #s6 [ [12, 1, 10, 15, 9, 2, 6, 8, 0, 13, 3, 4, 14, 7, 5, 11], [10, 15, 4, 2, 7, 12, 9, 5, 6, 1, 13, 14, 0, 11, 3, 8], [9, 14, 15, 5, 2, 8, 12, 3, 7, 0, 4, 10, 1, 13, 11, 6], [4, 3, 2, 12, 9, 5, 15, 10, 11, 14, 1, 7, 6, 0, 8, 13] ], #s7 [ [4, 11, 2, 14, 15, 0, 8, 13, 3, 12, 9, 7, 5, 10, 6, 1], [13, 0, 11, 7, 4, 9, 1, 10, 14, 3, 5, 12, 2, 15, 8, 6], [1, 4, 11, 13, 12, 3, 7, 14, 10, 15, 6, 8, 0, 5, 9, 2], [6, 11, 13, 8, 1, 4, 10, 7, 9, 5, 0, 15, 14, 2, 3, 12] ], #s8 [ [13, 2, 8, 4, 6, 15, 11, 1, 10, 9, 3, 14, 5, 0, 12, 7], [1, 15, 13, 8, 10, 3, 7, 4, 12, 5, 6, 11, 0, 14, 9, 2], [7, 11, 4, 1, 9, 12, 14, 2, 0, 6, 10, 13, 15, 3, 5, 8], [2, 1, 14, 7, 4, 10, 8, 13, 15, 12, 9, 0, 3, 5, 6, 11] ] ] BS = [1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1] def map(input, table): retIP = BitString('0b0') for i in range(len(table)): if i == 0: retIP[i] = input[table[i]-1] else: retIP.insert(input[table[i]-1], i) return retIP def leftCircShift(bsc, numbits=1): bs = BitString(bsc) for bit in range(numbits): bs.insert(bs[0], bs.length) bs.deletebits(1,0) return bs def sboxit(x, s): r = x[0] + x[x.length-1] c = x[1:5] rint = int(r.bin, 2) cint = int(c.bin, 2) inty = s[rint][cint] b = BitString(bin(inty)) while b.length < 4: b.insert('0b0',0) return b def keys(k): key = map(k, PC1) [c, d] = key.cut(28) retk = [] for i in range(16): c = leftCircShift(c, BS[i]) d = leftCircShift(d, BS[i]) key = c + d key = map(key, PC2) retk.append(key) return retk # 0123456789ABCDEF (plaintext) # 85e813540f0ab405 (ecrypted) # 133457799BBCDFF1 (key) if __name__ == "__main__": op = raw_input("e or d (encrypt or decrypt):") if op == 'd': plaintext = raw_input("Encrypted text:") else: plaintext = raw_input("Plaintext:") key = raw_input("Key:") key = BitString('0x%s' % key) bsplaintext = BitString('0x%s' % plaintext) bsplaintextip20 = map(bsplaintext, IP) [l, r] = bsplaintextip20.cut(32) print "L0: %s" % l.bin print "R0: %s" % r.bin mek = keys(key) if op == 'd': mek.reverse() for rawRound in range(16): key = mek[rawRound] roundNoHuman = rawRound + 1 roundNo = rawRound print "==========Round %d===================" % (roundNoHuman) er = map(r, E) print "E(R%d) = %s" % (roundNo, er.bin) print "K%d = %s" % (roundNoHuman, key.bin) funk = er ^ key print "E(R%d) ^ K%d = %s" % (roundNo, roundNoHuman, funk.bin) [x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8] = funk.cut(6) stotal = sboxit(x1,SBoxes[0]) + sboxit(x2,SBoxes[1]) + sboxit(x3,SBoxes[2]) \ + sboxit(x4,SBoxes[3]) + sboxit(x5,SBoxes[4]) + sboxit(x6,SBoxes[5]) \ + sboxit(x7,SBoxes[6]) + sboxit(x8,SBoxes[7]) print "S-box output %s" % stotal.bin frk = map(stotal, P) print "f(R%d,K%d) = %s" % (roundNo, roundNoHuman, frk.bin) ltmp = r r = l ^ frk l = ltmp print "L%d=R%d = %s" % (roundNoHuman+1, roundNoHuman, r.bin) crypt = map(r+l, RIP) print crypt |
Me miss dem alreddy
August 16th, 2009 § 0
Appreciate Your Customers
August 8th, 2009 § 0
The Struggle
I’ve been struggling to come up with a theme for this blog; to write something that people will want to read. That is one of the reasons why I started using “Software and business” as a slogan. What I was trying to do is copy the success of Joel Spolsky; he talks about software and business, so I should do the same, I thought.
Well, I’m going to digress, just a tad.
The Epiphany
Just now, that’s right, at 4 a.m. in the morning, I had this stroke of insight. As a customer, I feel that I get mistreated by companies, sometimes and this is natural. Depending on the offense, I’ll stop doing business with that particular company. Now, as a self proclaimed, “future entrepreneur”, it’s only wise that I learn from the mistakes of the others and treat my customers right. With that in mind, I’m going to write posts that speak to the future me, so I will not forget these lessons, God Willing. They shall be tagged #notetoself.
Note to Self: Appreciate Your Customers
In every relationship, it’s a natural tendency to want to be appreciated. After all, who wants to be useless? That is especially important in a loyal relationship (including business-to-customer).
First, I think, we should answer the question as to what it means to appreciate your customers. While I might not know what appreciation exactly entails, I do know that it entails more than just claiming to appreciate. Although I’m often told that my business is appreciated, I certainly don’t feel appreciated when I have to wait for extended periods for a business to serve me, be it on the phone or person. As a recent example, I was trying to phone a certain floral company (PinkLotus) to ensure the online order I had placed had gone through and to give some specific delivery instructions. I called at least three times. The first two times the phone must have rung for a good twenty times; no one answered. I seriously wondered if the site was just a scam with no real presence! The third time, after it rang for a good while, someone picked up, finally.
Another bad example of customer appreciation is my experience with Telus. A few years back, I called Telus to cancel my internet connection as I was switching to the competition. I got transferred to the retention centre, and after telling the agent that I was about to go with the competition because it’s cheaper, he offered a discount! Excuse me?! When I was a loyal customer, you never cared, but now that I’m leaving, you care enough to offer me a discount?! It never occurred to you to say, “hey, Gezim has been such an awesome customer, let’s show him we appreciate his business!” Last minute retention doesn’t show customer appreciation.
That was years ago. What reminded me of all this was a similar incident that happened yesterday. I had been a customer of DiscoverULife for almost a year. The price I was paying for the coaching service was not cheap. Yesterday, I told my coach that I want to cancel my subscription with them because 1) I couldn’t afford it, 2) I didn’t find it effective*. Like in the Telus example, he offered a special discount because he appreciated our relationship, in addition, he said he’d offer the same discount to two addition people which I could refer! ARE YOU KIDDING?! Up to now, you milked me for all I was worth, and now you offer a special discount for me and two friends?!
Anyway,
Dear future entrepreneur, show your loyal customers that you appreciate their business. If you know how to show them that you appreciate them, do it. If you don’t, something like this might work:
- Offer a special discount,
- Send a gift, or
- Buy them dinner.
If you don’t think that either of those options are appropriate, simply tell them, “Hey Bob, I appreciate your business, what can we do to make you feel appreciated?” Careful though, you don’t want to ask that question unless you can act upon the answer.
* I certainly benefitted from the coaching, but not as much as I would have liked. This is my own fault.
Who eediot NOW?!
July 10th, 2009 § 0
Pearls Before Swine comic
If you’ve never read Pearls Before Swine before, get a feeling for the crocs, first.
Safari 4, great until it CRASHES
July 8th, 2009 § 0
I admit, I should have written this article from good will and to praise Apple for their work on Safari 4, but alas it didn’t happen, until now.
Safari just crashed on me, the best thing about it, it doesn’t even seem to know that it crashed and it won’t save any tabs or windows you had open, no sir!
I think Apple is probably relying on the awesome History feature in the browser. Don’t get me wrong, I cannot emphasis how useful the new History feature is in Safari 4, but perhaps, just perhaps it’s not enough of a backup to recover from. For instance, although I can go back in history and see what web pages I have opened, problem occurs if you opened a few tabs and windows a long time ago and just never got to reading them. In this use case, to use the history to recover is, well, not doable especially since you might not even know what those other tabs and windows contained. Anyway, I should probably stop ranting now!
It’s unfortunate that we prefer to complain about something more than praise them. This post would have been much better if I wasn’t a little ticked off!
On an unrelated note, WordPress rocks! Go WordPress.
Google Tsunami
June 5th, 2009 § 0
Google is just being humble by calling one of the latest projects Google Wave, I think Google Tsunami would be a better fit.
This technology, I believe has potential to be the next facebook. Often times when a new, brilliant, idea is introduced, you think “why didn’t I think of that” or “I should have seen that coming”. Well, I think this is one of those moments.
I think what’s imperative to Google Wave is how open Google plans to make it. This is just
Just Brilliant — Pomegranate NS08
May 7th, 2009 § 0
For details visit the Pomegranate website. Be sure to checkout the Release Date.
The Chinook Entrepreneur Challenge
April 17th, 2009 § 1
The Challenge
Last night, I attended the first, introductory, seminar hosted by The Chinook Entrepreneur Challenge.
The Chinook Entrepreneur Challenge is the first business planning competition of its kind in Canada to be held in a non-metropolitan setting.
The challenge is designed and targeted toward individuals, new and existing businesses (agriculture and non-agriculture), and post-secondary students (college and university) who have a sustainable business idea.
Basically, The Chinook Entrepreneur Challenge offers participants eight free seminars to get help on business plan preparation.
The Prize
After the seminars are over, you can enter your business plan for the actual competition. The prizes for the winners are as follows:
- 1st place = $15,000
- 2nd place = $ 7,500
Money, money, money. Money!
In addition The Chinook Entrepreneur Challenge can find mentors for participants (not just the winners) to assist them in launching and running the business.
My friend, Dennis Kamitomo, informed me about this competition and I joined right away. I want to write a concrete business plan for GizmoBooks and win $15,000!
Not sure if you can still join, but I would try! You can register here and also checkout their blog.
The Best Part
The best part of yesterday’s seminar was at the end when the seminar was over. How so? Well, talking to Craig Milner, a professor at the U of L — saying “a professor” doesn’t do Craig justice because he’s an amazing professor — and owner of East Side Mario’s who shared his experience and expertise at the seminar, I found out that he had heard about GizmoBooks and had seen my ad on the student newspaper, The Meliorist! Then Daniel Feiguth, the business analyst from Community Futures Lethbridge jumped in and said that he had heard of GizmoBooks and needed to sell some books! I was ecstatic!
Anyway, I’ll post the ‘racy’ ad here soon as well as the press release that got published in the Meliorist.